Note 1069 — Chapter VIII · RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL MARRIAGE: THE CHURCH DEVELOPS AND ADMINISTERS MATRIMONIAL LAW

Peter Lombard (d. 1164) was a professor in the University of Paris, and later was ordained a bishop: cf. Sohm, Eheschliessung, 121 ff.; Esmein, op. cit., I, 119 ff. His theory is set forth in the Sententiae, lib. iv, dist. 27, 28: "Efficiens autem causa matrimonii est consensus, non quilibet, sed per verba expressus: nec de futuro sed de praesenti. Si enim consentiunt in futurum, dicentes, Accipiam te in virum, et ego te in uxorem, non est iste consensus efficax causa matrimonii": dist. 27, § 3. "Consensus, id est pactio conjugalis, matrimonium facit, et extunc est conjugium etiamsi non praecessit, vel secuta est copula carnalis": dist. 27, § 4. The consensus, if expressed by a verb of the present tense, accipio te, constitutes a valid marriage without copula. Opposed to this is a promise, expressed by a verb in the future tense, accipiam te, which is binding only when followed by copula. Compare Tancred, Summa de mat., 3 ff.; and see the masterly discussion of the history of the distinction, in Sohm, op. cit., chap, iv, and his Trauung und Verlobung, 73-109. Cf. Scheurl, Kirch. Eheschliessungsrecht, 76 ff.; Dieckhoff, Die kirchl. Trauung, 115 ff.; Sehling, Unterscheidung der Verlöbnisse, 72 ff., 115 ff.; Freisen, Geschichte des can. Eherechts, 179 ff., 205 ff.; Kent, Commentaries, II, 87; Bishop, Marriage, Divorce, and Separation, I, §§ 313 ff., 353 ff.; Friedberg, Eheschliessung, 203, 206; Stephens, Laws of the Clergy, I, 672 ff.; especially Pollock and Maitland, Hist. of Eng. Law, II, 366 ff.; Esmein, op. cit., I, 119-37; Salis, Die Publikation des trid. Rechts, 2, 3.