Note 1030 — Chapter VIII · RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL MARRIAGE: THE CHURCH DEVELOPS AND ADMINISTERS MATRIMONIAL LAW

For examples see Ignatius, Epis. to Philadel., c. iv; Epis. to Polycarp, c. v, in Ante-Nicene Fathers, I, 81, 95; Justin, First Apol., cxv, ibid., 167; Athenagoras, Plea for Christians, c. xxxiii, ibid., II, 147; Clement of Alex., ibid., 259-63, 377-79. In this last passage Clement is less coarse than usual. "Marriage, then, as a sacred image," he concludes, "must be kept pure from those things which defile it." Cf. also Tertullian, ibid., III, 293-95, 443; Origen, To His Wife, ibid., IV, 40-44. Compare Bucksisch, De apostolis uxoratis, 9 ff., who holds that, with the exception of John and Paul, all the apostles had wives. In general, on the development of the early Christian conception of marriage from its Roman and Hebrew beginnings, see Freisen, Geschichte des can. Eherechts, 32 ff.; Zhishman, Das Eherecht der orient. Kirche, 93 ff.; Schulte, Der Cölibatszwang, 5 ff.; Theiner, Die Einführ. der erz. Ehelosigkeit, I, 5 ff.; Stäudlin, Geschichte der Vorstellungen und Lehren von der Ehe, 259 ff.; Letters on the Const. Celibacy of the Clergy, 22 ff., 51 ff.; Recherches phil. et hist. sur le célibat, 67 ff. On the influence of Paul's teaching see Thwing, The Family, 47 ff.; and compare Nisbet, Marriage and Heredity, 33-57, who takes an unfavorable view of the influence of the church as opposed to that of Christianity; and Gage, Woman, Church, and State, 49 ff.; Huth, Marriage of Near Kin, 108 ff.