Note 137 — Chapter II · THEORY OF THE HORDE AND MOTHER-RIGHT

Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 130-32, 536 ff.; Giraud-Teulon, Les origines du mariage, 5 ff., who says: "Le mariage (en prenant ce mot dans son sense étroit) apparaît chez les races inférieures comme une infraction aux droits de la communauté, et partant, comme la violation d'une loi naturelle: de là, à le considérer comme la violation d'une loi religieuse, il n'y avait qu'un pas." See the criticism by McLennan, Studies, I, 335 ff., who rejects the theory of expiation for violation of communal right; because usually the woman does not belong to the husband's tribe, and because often the privileges are exercised by friends of both bridegroom and bride. Cf. Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 149-56; Wake, Marriage and Kinship, 17, 34, 65, 245 ff.; Lippert, Geschichte der Familie, 169; Kohler, in ZVR., VII, 327 (Australia); Mucke, Horde und Familie, 138-40, who rejects the theory; and Kovalevsky, Mod. Customs and Anc. Laws of Russia, 10, 11, who refers to the promiscuous intercourse practiced at various festivals, resembling the assemblies on the Roumanian Gainaberg which Kohler has discussed in ZVR., VI, 398 ff. These may be compared with the license practiced at certain gatherings among the Arunta and several other Australian tribes: Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, 96 ff.