Note 255 — Chapter II · THEORY OF THE HORDE AND MOTHER-RIGHT
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An "appointed daughter" is one assigned by contract in marriage to bear an heir to her father who has no son. In the Niyoga a son is begotten upon the wife, in the lifetime of the husband, by a person appointed for that purpose. The levirate and other like expedients existed also among the Hindus: Ordinances of Manu, IX, 53, 57-69, 97, 143 ff.; Burnell and Hopkins, 253 ff.; "Gautama," Sacred Books of the East, II, 267 ff.; Mayne, Hindu Law and Usage, chap. iv; McLennan, Patriarchal Theory, 268, 286 ff.; Leist, Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 122, 123; Jolly, The Hindu Law of Partition, 144-66; idem, Rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern, 36-38 (levirate). For the Hebrew form of the levirate, see Deuteronomy 25:5-11, where the brother is required to "perform the duty of an husband's brother to the widow." The book of Ruth contains many illustrations of primitive family custom. Sir Henry Maine, Early Law and Custom, chap. iv, regards the Niyoga, the levirate, and similar expedients for supplying a male heir, as fictions, under the influence of the worship of male ancestors, for maintaining the agnatic family. J. D. Mayne explains the Niyoga on the theory that the lord and owner of the wife is the lord of the child, physical paternity not being essential; and the levirate is an extension of the Niyoga. McLennan, op. cit., 266-339, criticises the theories of the two last-named writers. See also Kohler, Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe, 153; Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 262, 274, 470; Schneider, Die Naturvölker, I, 25; II, 461; Achelis, Entwicklung der Ehe, 36 ff.; Redslob, Die Levirats-Ehe bei den Hebräern, 1 ff.; Starcke, Primitive Family, 141-58, 159-70 (inheritance by brothers); Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 679-81; Letourneau, L'évolution du mariage, chaps. xii, xv; Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 146, 147; Wake, Marriage and Kinship, 171-78, 436 ff.; especially Westermarck, Human Marriage, 3, 510-14, who cites the literature. Various examples are mentioned in ZVR., III, 394-407, 419, 420; VI, 280 (Germany); VIII, 242; X, 81; XI, 237.