Editorial note — Front matter (continued 4)

English phrases containing "without" as in "without reading," must be changed to phrases clearly containing verbal nouns, as "without the reading of," before translating into an Esperanto phrase with sen. Otherwise a participle with ne should replace the phrase (222): Sen la legado de tio, mi ne komprenus, without (the) reading (of) that, I should not understand. Ne leginte tion, mi ne komprenus, without reading (not having read) that, I should not understand.